Ray Martinez wrote: Today, science is still waiting for evidence of macroevolution besides assumptions, phrased as facts, and backed by educational credentials.
Raymacro- ,macr-
Large, long. See Also: mega-, megalo-
[G. makros]Why Evolution Drives Some Cells to Altruism
He decided to examine how single cells become specialized when banding together ... as a crucial step in the evolution of increasingly complex organisms...Macro- (prefix): Prefix from the Greek "makros" meaning large or long.
Examples of terms involving macro- include macrobiotic, macrocephaly, macrocytic, macroglossia, macrophage, macroscopic, and macrosomia. The opposite of macro- is micro-.Multicellular organisms are organisms consisting of more than one cell, and having differentiated cells that perform specialized functions.
Organizational levels
Multicellular organisms exhibit organization at several levels:
Differentiated cells
The simplest extant (currently living) multicellular organisms, sponges, consist of multiple specialized cellular types cooperating together for a common goal. These cell types include Choanocytes, digestive cells; Sclerocytes, support-structure-secreting cells; Porocytes, tubular pore cells; and Pinacocytes, epidermal cells. Though the different cell types create an organized, macroscopic multicellular structure-the visible sponge-they are not organized into true interconnected tissues. This is illustrated by the fact that a sponge broken up in a blender will reaggregate from the surviving cells. If individually separated, however, the particular cell types cannot survive alone. Simpler colonial organisms, such as Volvox, differ in that their individual cells are free-living and can survive on their own if separated from the colony.Tissues
VOLVOX
Colonies consisting of a fixed number of cells
More complex organisms such as jellyfish, coral and sea anemones possess a tissue level of organization, in which differentiated, interconnected cells perform specialized functions as a group. For instance, jellyfish tissues include an epidermis and nerve net that perform protective and sensory functions, along with an inner gastrodermis that performs digestive functions. The overall spatial organization of differentiated cells is a topic of study in anatomy.What is life
All the things that science currently accepts as living exist as either single cells, or as a collection of cells working together (unicellular life or ...'Diversity of Life: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms
...The living world is all about cells working alone and cells working together. All life is cells! Even the biggest animal started off as just a single cell. ...ScienceDaily: Movement Of Single Molecules Imaged In Live Organism
These tiny single-celled organisms have a thing for a certain molecule, ... Of A New Model Army: Genome Basis Of Working Together For A Common Good ...ScienceDaily: A Wandering Eye: Single Cells Come Running To Form
..."Normally, single cells migrate actively and one-by-one from the centre of the ... in understanding the complex ways that molecules work together in cells. ...levels of organization in organisms
In unicellular (single-celled) organisms, the single cell performs all life ... and also work together for the good of the entire organism. The cells ...'Diversity of Life, The: From Single Cells to Multicellular
The Diversity of Life: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms ... is all about cells working alone and cells working together. All life is cells! ...LOOKS MACRO TO ME.
- we are -- a collection of single cells. Billions of cells.
We still are, what we came from in the beginning.
- I do not understand yet, how a single cell learned to work together with other cells millions of years ago, to form a complex organism.
The first organisms that existed were undoubtedly unicellular. How organisms then became multicellular is a big step in evolutionary terms and is under much debate. Because the first multicellular organisms would have lacked hard body parts, they are not well preserved in fossil records. Until recently phylogenetic reconstruction has been through anatomical (particularly embryological) similarities. This is very inexact, as current multicellular organisms such as animals and plants are 500 million years removed from their single celled ancestors.
The evolution of multicellular organisms could have happened in three main ways...Here's an example of something similar to what I'm talking about:
© Copyright, Mark Grimson and Larry Blanton, Electron Microscopy Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University"They are amoebae, and for the most part they live the life of a rugged individualist. Each slime mold prowls through the soil, searching for bacteria which it engulfs and digests. After gorging itself sufficiently, it divides in two, and the new pair go their separate, bacteria-devouring ways. But if the Dictyostelium in a stamp-size plot of soil should eat their surroundings clean, they send each other alarm signals. They then use the signals to steer toward their neighbors, and as many as a million amoebae converge in a swirling mound. The mound itself begins to act as if it were a single organism. It stretches out into a bullet-shaped slug the size of a sand grain, slithers up toward the surface of the soil, probes specks of dirt, and turns around when it hits a dead end. Its movements are slow - it needs a day to travel an inch - but the deliberateness of the movements eerily evokes an it rather than a they." [...]
"The individual amoebae forming the stalk make the ultimate sacrifice so that other Dictyostelium may live and perhaps reproduce. These stalk-formers are not marked for death when they are born. When the amoebae mix together and the slug takes shape, the individuals that wind up in the front end of the slug will be the ones that form the stalk. In other words, they get a losing ticket in the Dictyostelium lottery. Aside from their rotten luck, they are indistinguishable from the amoebae that will survive as spores."They are tiny, but have learned to work together.
Of course cells in our body and those of other complex organisms are modified to a point where they are interdependent on each other for survival. But what about the occasional cells, that turn into cancer and turn against the body, as if it is an individual, instead of part of a larger organism, doing what it is suppose to be programmed to do, or are all cancer cells genetically pre-programmed?
Michod wanted to start with a simpler biological system. He decided to examine how single cells become specialized when banding together with others, something like the green algae, Volvox, that live in spherical colonies comprised of 500 to 50,000 individual cells. *Volvox cells can specialize during development.*
http://www.physorg.com/news77818774.htmlExtreme macro.
A few days ago, I was reading over a paper written by Philip Gingrich, and images of bone fragments.
Gingrich states: (Image snipped from Gingrich's paper).Appearing to be tiny changes, gradual and even what Creationists would call insignificant. But I began to realize, it is individual cells which are responsible for making the changes. I find this amazing.
"Protosiren is distinctive among sirenians in having large keyhole-shaped neural canals perforating thoracic vertebrae, generally having cartilaginous rather than synovial articulations of rib heads, and lacking rib pachyostosis. Protosiren eothene differs from other species of Protosiren in being smaller (anterior thoracic centra are about 10-12% shorter than those of P. fraasi), in having at least partially synovial rib head articulations with vertebrae, and in having well formed but distinctly small rib tubercula relative to the size of the rib heads. Thoracic vertebrae T1 and T2 are represented by centra only. These are weathered, but otherwise undeformed. The centrum of T1 is hemicylindrical and more nearly the length of T2 than would be expected by comparison with anterior thoracics in later Protosiren.And this ...
"This may imply that the neck and cervical vertebrae of P. eothene were longer than those of later Protosiren."
Source: Philip D. Gingrich, New Species of Protosiren (Mammalia, Sirenia) From The Early Middle Eocene of Balochistan (Pakistan)All complex organisms are composed of billions of *individual* cells that have been modified over past the past billions of years, and each of those cells works independently, to perform a function for the good of the whole organism (ultimately, itself). So, evolution (which began as a single cell) really should work gradually, at the cellular level... and lead to those great transformations which the fossil record is a witness for.
All this makes sense in light of the controversy over the evolution of the eye.
The development of the eyes in Medaka fish over time seen through a confocal microscope. Eye cells are labelled in green, brain cells in red. (European Molecular Biology Laboratory)A Wandering Eye: Single Cells Come Running To Form An Eye
"The development of the eyes in Medaka fish over time seen through a confocal microscope. Eye cells are labelled in green, brain cells in red. (Image courtesy of European Molecular Biology Laboratory)"It states "The study, published in the journal Science, overturns the textbook model of the process and suggests that also other organs might be formed by the movement of single cells rather than sheets of entire tissues."
Single cells (including the independent kind) are more intelligent than will ever be given credit.
The Creationist asks how can a ocean dwelling creature "choose" to grow legs, and move out on land. It is not a single ocean-dwelling creature, but the action performed by billions of cells working independently, for their common good, that can and have the power to cause that to happen.
Ray Martinez is not intelligent enough to remove viral bacteria from his body, even doctors admit they are helpless against such things --everytime I bring my children to the doctor with a virus, they simply prescribe "Drink lots of clear liquids" there's nothing they really can do, but those tiny single cells called white blood cells can do a miracle, a man cannot.
They are very intelligent. More intelligent than the organisms they form.
At least in some cases.October 28, 2004 -- When Darwin's skeptics attack his theory of evolution, they often focus on the eye. Darwin himself confessed that it was "absurd" to propose that the human eye evolved through spontaneous mutation and natural selection. Scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) have now tackled Darwin's major challenge in an evolutionary study published this week in the journal Science. They have elucidated the evolutionary origin of the human eye. "It is not surprising that cells of human eyes come from the brain. We still have light-sensitive cells in our brains today which detect light and influence our daily rhythms of activity," explains Wittbrodt. "Quite possibly, the human eye has originated from light-sensitive cells in the brain. Only later in evolution would such brain cells have relocated into an eye and gained the potential to confer vision." The scientists discovered that two types of light-sensitive cells existed in our early animal ancestors: rhabdomeric and ciliary. In most animals, rhabdomeric cells became part of the eyes, and ciliary cells remained embedded in the brain. But the evolution of the human eye is peculiar it is the ciliary cells that were recruited for vision which eventually gave rise to the rods and cones of the retina. So how did EMBL researchers finally trace the evolution of the eye? By studying a "living fossil," Platynereis dumerilii, a marine worm that still resembles early ancestors that lived up to 600 million years ago. Arendt had seen pictures of this worm's brain taken by researcher Adriaan Dorresteijn (University of Mainz, Germany). "When I saw these pictures, I noticed that the shape of the cells in the worm's brain resembled the rods and cones in the human eye. I was immediately intrigued by the idea that both of these light-sensitive cells may have the same evolutionary origin."
SHAPE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE RED CELLS OF CAMELS, BIRDS, REPTILES
... variation in this prolytic shape change; some cells lose their pigment with scarcely any. alteration in shape, others form oval disks, still others circular ...September 2002: Cells in Motion
I wanted to understand everything there was to know about how cells change their shape." After receiving her MD and Ph.D. degrees and completing a 1-year ...Ask A Scientist - Cell Specialization
Embedded in these discs are pigment molecules that change shape when struck by light. ... And how do the proteins encoded by DNA shape cells into forms that ..._________________________
AIDS -- Another war to be fought on the microscopic level.
CDC - Epidemiology, Evolution, and Future of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic
We argue that it will take thousands of years before evolution in the human population substantially increases the fraction of persons resistant to HIV/AIDS ...Evolution: evolution theory; Evolution: Fact and Theory
...In the case of HIV, which causes AIDS, significant viral evolution occurs within the course of infection of a single patient, and this rapid evolution ...Ed Babinski also wrote an article on evolution in Bacteria. micro-organisms are known to evolve, so everything else (transitions in complex organisms) is just incidental.
CT wrote:Single cells (including the independent kind) are more intelligent than will ever be given credit.Ray Martinez is not intelligent enough to remove viral bacteria from his body, even doctors admit they are helpless against such things --everytime I bring my children to the doctor with a virus, they simply prescribe "Drink lots of clear liquids" there's nothing they really can do, but those tiny single cells called white blood cells can do a miracle, a man cannot.
They are very intelligent. More intelligent than the organisms they form.
Calculators do math better than we do - are they more intelligent?
CT
What about "Artifical Intelligence"? So, what do you mean by intelligence?
CT wrote: I'm questioning your use of the term, so maybe you should say what you meant by it. My point is that proficiency at one "skill" (or a narrow set of skills) isn't what I'd call intelligence. just nitpicking an interesting concept.
Referring back to Carl Zimmer's post on Amoebas. These little creatures have the intelligence to form a colony, and to work together as a collective, even signaling each other about their food supply -- it does require intelligence to work together as a collective -- in fact, bacteria have a long history of outwitting humans (for instance AIDS, and the ability to evolve and become resistant to treatment) -- as he states "the deliberateness of the movements eerily evokes an it rather than a they."
And this...
More complex organisms such as jellyfish, coral and sea anemones possess a tissue level of organization, in which differentiated, interconnected cells perform specialized functions as a group. For instance, jellyfish tissues include an epidermis and nerve net that perform protective and sensory functions, along with an inner gastrodermis that performs digestive functions. The overall spatial organization of differentiated cells is a topic of study in anatomy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MulticellularThe single cell, had the intelligence to create every living thing seen on this earth, including you.... and is still in the process, as observed in science labs.
I think that's pretty intelligent.
Would you consider military going to war, an intelligent behavior? Men will blindly follow orders, and mercilessly blow things up without counting the consequences. They build nuclear weapons, enough to wipe out the planet several times over. People are not half as intelligent as they think they are.
Speaking of "artificial intelligence", recently NBC broadcasted a documentary featuring Stephen Hawkins and other leading scientists, listing some of the greatest threats to earth, and one of those higher up on the list was artificial intelligence potentially wiping out mankind. They said, even the science-fiction thrillers like Terminator, are not far from *potential* truth, considering the rate at which computers are taking over and running our lives. Very interesting! The most dreadful threat, IMO, was the rogue black hole drifting toward earth. Global warming being #1 on the list.
Anyway.. just like an army, single cells can send out distress signals, and other cells in the collective will act without thought, such as white blood cells sacrificing themself for the good of the whole collective. similar to trained military.
Even the definition of Intelligence has been debated, as in IQ tests. I read elsewhere that most of what is mistaken for intelligence, is actually the ability to retain information in memory.
BBC - Science & Nature - Hot Topics - Intelligence - IQ
Whether IQ tests actually test general intelligence, or g, is debatable. Many see IQ tests as an assessment of an individual's problem solving ability ...Seems the definition of "intelligence" is in debate across the web.
I really don't know. Not quite certain. I'm just asking questions myself.
According to what I am reading on the web, it seems single cells would qualify as "intelligent" though it seems maybe somewhat more like artificial intelligence
What is Intelligence?
Central Intelligence Agency, ...
...most people agree that intelligence is information needed by our nation's leaders, ...Intelligence measured by information...
STORED INFORMATION AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Biosciences - DNA
These genetic messages are stored in your DNA, which is inside almost every cell in your body. DNA tells cells what they're supposed to do, ...MEMORY...
White Blood Cells
B cells: B cells make antibodies that bind to pathogens to enable their destruction. (B cells not only make antibodies that bind to pathogens, but during an attack, some B cells will retain their antibodies to serve as a 'memory' system. This is why we only get Chicken Pox once: the 'memory' system stores the antibodies needed for subsequent infections.)Ray Martinez wrote:
Today, science is still waiting for evidence of macroevolution besides assumptions, phrased as facts, and backed by educational credentials.Ray
Ray believes he is a Creationist. He is actually a conundrum of billions of specialized and independent cells which all have a mind of their own -- with total indifference to his religious beliefs, and bearing one goal in mind -- survival. Ray is a collective of billions of tiny aliens from innerspace. He really does not know "himself".
eworkhard wrote: Ever read Darwins Black Box, or the biochemical version?Here. Save lots of time and energy.
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Article last updated October 13, 2006
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